GSNA – GIAC Systems and Network Auditor

Reference / correct answer:

Here, you will use the history !user command to search the most recent command that starts with the string 'user'. In the bash shell, the history command is used to view the recently executed commands. History is on by default. A user can turn off history using the command set +o history and turn it on using set -o history. An environment variable HISTSIZE is used to inform bash about how many history lines should be kept. The following commands are frequently used to view and manipulate history:

Reference / correct answer:

The getSession() method of the HttpServletRequest interface returns the current session associated with the request, or creates a new session if no session exists. The method has two syntaxes as follows:

public HttpSession getSession(): This method creates a new session if it does not exist. public HttpSession getSession(boolean create): This method becomes similar to the above method if create is true, and returns the current session if create is false. It returns null if no session exists.

Reference / correct answer:

Nessus is a proprietary comprehensive vulnerability scanning program. It is free of charge for personal use in a non-enterprise environment. Its goal is to detect potential vulnerabilities on the tested systems.

For example: Vulnerabilities that allow a remote cracker to control or access sensitive data on a system. Misconfiguration (e.g. open mail relay, missing patches, etc). Default passwords, a few common passwords, and blank/absent passwords on some system accounts. Nessus can also call Hydra (an external tool) to launch a dictionary attack. Denials of service against the TCP/IP stack by using mangled packets. On UNIX (including Mac OS X), it consists of nessusd, the Nessus daemon, which does the scanning, and nessus, the client, which controls scans and presents the vulnerability results to the user. For Windows, Nessus 3 installs as an executable and has a self-contained scanning, reporting, and management system.

Operations: In typical operation, Nessus begins by doing a port scan with one of its four internal portscanners (or it can optionally use Amap or Nmap) to determine which ports are open on the target and then tries various exploits on the open ports. The vulnerability tests, available as subscriptions, are written in NASL (Nessus Attack Scripting Language), a scripting language optimized for custom network interaction. Tenable Network Security produces several dozen new vulnerability checks (called plugins) each week, usually on a daily basis. These checks are available for free to the general public; commercial customers are not allowed to use this Home Feed any more. The Professional Feed (which is not free) also gives access to support and additional scripts (audit and compliance tests). Optionally, the results of the scan can be reported in various formats, such as plain text, XML, HTML, and LaTeX. The results can also be saved in a knowledge base for debugging. On UNIX, scanning can be automated through the use of a command-line client. There exist many different commercial, free and open source tools for both UNIX and Windows to manage individual or distributed Nessus scanners. If the user chooses to do so (by disabling the option’ safe checks'), some of Nessus's vulnerability tests may try to cause vulnerable services or operating systems to crash. This lets a user test the resistance of a device before putting it in production. Nessus provides additional functionality beyond testing for known network vulnerabilities. For instance, it can use Windows credentials to examine patch levels on computers running the Windows operating system, and can perform password auditing using dictionary and brute force methods. Nessus 3 and later can also audit systems to make sure they have been configured per a specific policy, such as the NSA's guide for hardening Windows servers.